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| Geography |
| Landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR |
| Location: |
Central Asia, west of China, south of Kyrgyzstan |
| Geographic coordinates: |
39 00 N, 71 00 E |
| Area: |
total: 143,100 sq km land: 141,510 sq km water: 2,590 sq km
Size comparison: slightly smaller than Wisconsin |
| Land Boundaries: |
total: 3,651 km border countries: Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km |
| Coastline: |
0 km (landlocked) |
| Maritime claims: |
none (landlocked) |
| Climate: |
midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains |
| Terrain: |
Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest |
| Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m highest point: Qullai Ismoili Somoni (Pik Imeni Ismail Samani) 7,495 m |
| Natural resources: |
hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold |
| Land use: |
arable land: 6.52% permanent crops: 0.89% other: 92.59% (2005) |
| Irrigated land: |
7,220 sq km (2008) |
| Natural hazards: |
earthquakes; floods |
| Current Environment Issues: |
inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides |
| International Environment Agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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| People |
| Population: |
7,627,200 (July 2011 est.) |
| Age structure: |
0-14 years: 33.9% (male 1,316,623/female 1,270,899) 15-64 years: 62.7% (male 2,368,554/female 2,413,982) 65 years and over: 3.4% (male 108,896/female 148,246) (2011 est.) |
| Median age: |
total: 22.6 years male: 22.1 years female: 23.1 years (2011 est.) |
| Population growth rate: |
1.846% (2011 est.) |
| Birth rate: |
26.29 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) |
| Death rate: |
6.6 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) |
| Net migration rate: |
-1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.) |
| Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: |
total: 38.54 deaths/1,000 live births male: 43.21 deaths/1,000 live births female: 33.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 66.03 years male: 62.97 years female: 69.25 years (2011 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: |
2.89 children born/woman (2011 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate: |
0.2% (2009 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS: |
9,100 (2009 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS – deaths: |
fewer than 500 (2009 est.) |
| Nationality: |
noun: Tajikistani(s) adjective: Tajikistani |
| Ethnic groups: |
Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%, other 2.6% (2000 census) |
| Religions: |
Sunni Muslim 85%, Shia Muslim 5%, other 10% (2003 est.) |
| Languages: |
Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business |
| Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.5% male: 99.7% female: 99.2% (2000 census) |
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| Government |
| Country name: |
conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan conventional short form: Tajikistan local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston local short form: Tojikiston former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic |
| Government type: |
republic |
| Capital: |
name: Dushanbe geographic coordinates: 38 35 N, 68 48 E time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) |
| Administrative divisions: |
2 provinces (viloyatho, singular – viloyat) and 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor); Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon [Gorno-Badakhshan]* (Khorugh), Viloyati Sughd (Khujand); the rest of the country consists of “districts under republican subordination,” ruled directly from Dushanbe note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses |
| Independence: |
9 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union) |
| National holiday: |
Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991) |
| Constitution: |
6 November 1994 |
| Legal system: |
civil law system |
| Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal |
| Executive branch: |
chief of state: President Emomali RAHMON (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992) head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January 1999) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 6 November 2006 (next to be held in November 2013); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote – Emomali RAHMON 79.3%, Olimjon BOBOEV 6.2%, other 14.5% |
| Legislative branch: |
bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milli (34 seats; 25 members selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; 1 seat reserved for the former president; members serve five-year terms) and the Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: National Assembly – last held on 28 February 2010 (next to be held in February 2015); Assembly of Representatives – last held on 28 February 2010 (next to be held in February 2015) election results: National Assembly – percent of vote by party – NA; seats by party – NA; Assembly of Representatives – percent of vote by party – PDPT 71%, Islamic Revival Party 8.2%, CPT 7%, APT 5.1%, PER 5.1%, other 3.6%; seats by party – PDPT 55, Islamic Revival Party 2, CPT 2, APT 2, PER 2 |
| Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president) |
| Political parties and leaders: |
Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Amir QARAQULOV]; Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV (imprisoned October 2005); Rahmatullo VALIYEV, deputy]; Islamic Revival Party [Muhiddin KABIRI]; Party of Economic Reform or PER [Olimjon BOBOEV]; People’s Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMON]; Social Democratic Party or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOYIROV]; Socialist Party or SPT [Mirhuseyn NARZIEV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV] note: for the DPT, the Ministry of Justice named a new chairman, Masud SOBIROV, in 2006; Mr. ISKANDAROV’s supporters do not recognize Mr. SOBIROV; for the SPT, the Ministry of Justice named a new chairman, Abduhalim GHAFAROV, in 2004; Mr. NARZIEV’s supporters do not recognize Mr. GHAFAROV |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: |
splinter parties recognized by the government but not by the base of the party: Democratic Party or DPT [Masud SOBIROV] (splintered from ISKANDAROV’s DPT); Socialist Party or SPT [Abduhalim GHAFFOROV] (splintered from NARZIEV’s SPT) unregistered political parties: Progressive Party [Sulton QUVVATOV]; Unity Party [Hikmatullo SAIDOV] |
| International organization participation: |
ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador Abdujabbor SHIRINOV chancery: 1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 223-6090 FAX: [1] (202) 223-6091 |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador Kenneth GROSS embassy: 109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue, Dushanbe 734019 mailing address: 7090 Dushanbe Place, Dulles, VA 20189 telephone: [992] (37) 229-20-00 FAX: [992] (37) 229-20-50 |
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| Economy |
| Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among the 15 former Soviet republics. Because of a lack of employment opportunities in Tajikistan, as many as a million Tajik citizens work abroad, almost all of them in Russia, supporting families in Tajikistan through remittances. Less than 7% of the land area is arable. Cotton is the most important crop, and its production is closely monitored, and in many cases controlled, by the government. In the wake of the National Bank of Tajikistan’s admission in December 2007 that it had improperly lent money to investors in the cotton sector, the IMF canceled its program in Tajikistan. A reform agenda is underway, according to which over half a billion dollars in farmer debt is being forgiven, and IMF assistance has been reinstated. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Tajikistan’s economic situation remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, corruption, weak governance, seasonal power shortages, and the external debt burden. A debt restructuring agreement was reached with Russia in December 2002, including a $250 million write-off of Tajikistan’s $300 million debt. Electricity output expanded with the completion of the Sangtuda I hydropower dam – finished in 2009 with Russian investment. The smaller Sangtuda-2, built with Iranian investment, is scheduled for completion in 2012. The government of Tajikistan is pinning major hopes on the massive Roghun dam which, if finished according to Tajik plans, will be the tallest dam in the world. The World Bank has agreed to fund technical, economic, social, and environmental feasibility studies for the dam. Favorable reports from these studies could create investor interest in the project, which is currently moving forward with domestic funding. In January 2010, the government began selling shares in the Roghun enterprise to its population, ultimately raising over $180 million. According to numerous reports, many Tajik individuals and businesses were forced to buy shares. The coerced share sales finally ended in mid-2010 under intense criticism from donors, particularly the IMF. Tajikistan has received substantial infrastructure development loans from the Chinese government to improve roads and electricity transmission. To help increase north-south trade, the US funded a $36 million bridge which opened in August 2007 linking Tajikistan with Afghanistan. While Tajikistan has experienced steady economic growth since 1997, more than half of the population continues to live in poverty. Economic growth reached 10.6% in 2004, but dropped below 8% in 2005-08, as the effects of higher oil prices and then the international financial crisis began to register – mainly in the form of lower prices for key export commodities and lower remittances from Tajiks working abroad. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity): |
GDP (purchasing power parity): $14.74 billion (2010 est.) $13.84 billion (2009 est.) $13.32 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars |
| GDP (official exchange rate): |
GDP (official exchange rate): $5.642 billion (2010 est.) |
| GDP – real growth rate: |
6.5% (2010 est.) 3.9% (2009 est.) 7.9% (2008 est.) |
| GDP – per capita (PPP): |
GDP – per capita (PPP): $2,000 (2010 est.) $1,900 (2009 est.) $1,800 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars |
| GDP – composition by sector: |
agriculture: 19% industry: 22.9% services: 58.1% (2008 est.) |
| Labor force: |
2.1 million (2009) |
| Labor force – by occupation: |
agriculture: 49.8% industry: 12.8% services: 37.4% (2009 est.) |
| Unemployment rate: |
2.2% (2009 est.) 2.3% (2008 est.) note: official rates; actual unemployment is much higher |
| Population below poverty line: |
53% (2009 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: 3.3% highest 10%: 25.6% (2007 est.) |
| Distribution of family income – Gini index: |
32.6 (2006) 34.7 (1998) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.4% (2010 est.) 6.4% (2009 est.) |
| Investment (gross fixed): |
Investment (gross fixed): 20.6% of GDP (2010 est.) |
| Budget: |
revenues: $1.496 billion expenditures: $1.473 billion (2010 est.) |
| Agriculture – products: |
cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats |
| Industries: |
aluminum, cement, vegetable oil |
| Industrial production growth rate: |
7.5% (2010 est.) |
| Electricity – production: |
16.1 billion kWh (2009 est.) |
| Electricity – consumption: |
16.7 billion kWh (2009) |
| Electricity – exports: |
NA kWh (2008 est.) |
| Electricity – imports: |
338.5 million kWh (2010 est.) |
| Oil – production: |
220 bbl/day (2010 est.) |
| Oil – consumption: |
40,000 bbl/day (2010 est.) |
| Oil – exports: |
405 bbl/day (2009 est.) |
| Oil – imports: |
39,400 bbl/day (2009 est.) |
| Oil – proved reserves: |
12 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.) |
| Natural gas – production: |
38 million cu m (2009 est.) |
| Natural gas – consumption: |
227 million cu m (2009 est.) |
| Natural gas – exports: |
0 cu m (2009 est.) |
| Natural gas – imports: |
189 million cu m (2009 est.) |
| Natural gas – proved reserves: |
5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.) |
| Current account balance: |
-$381.1 million (2010 est.) -$179.9 million (2009 est.) |
| Exports: |
$1.303 billion (2010 est.) $1.038 billion (2009 est.) |
| Exports – commodities: |
aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles |
| Exports – partners: |
Turkey 28.4%, Russia 14.4%, Uzbekistan 10%, Iran 6.2%, China 5.6%, Norway 4.5% (2010) |
| Imports: |
$2.936 billion (2010 est.) $2.77 billion (2009 est.) |
| Imports – commodities: |
petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs |
| Imports – partners: |
China 35.3%, Russia 23.5%, Kazakhstan 8.3% (2010) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$506 million (31 December 2010 est.) $469.1 million (31 December 2009 est.) |
| Debt – external: |
$1.988 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $1.762 billion (31 December 2009 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment – at home: |
$100.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $93.05 billion (31 December 2008 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment – abroad: |
$18.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $16.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.) |
| Market value of publicly traded shares: |
$NA |
| Exchange rates: |
Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar – 4.3788 (2010) 4.1428 (2009) 3.4563 (2008) 3.4418 (2007) 3.3 (2006) |
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| Communications |
| Telephones in use: |
290,000 (2009) country comparison to the world: 116 |
| Cellular Phones in use: |
4.9 million (2009) |
| Telephone system: |
general assessment: foreign investment in the telephone system has resulted in major improvements; conversion of the existing fixed network from analogue to digital more than 90% complete by 2009 domestic: fixed line availability has not changed significantly since 1998 while mobile cellular subscribership, aided by competition among multiple operators, has expanded rapidly; coverage now extends to all major cities and towns international: country code – 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations – 3 (2 Intelsat and 1 Orbita) (2009) |
| Radio broadcast stations: |
|
| Television broadcast stations: |
|
| Internet country code: |
.tj |
| Internet hosts: |
1,504 (2010) |
| Internet users: |
700,000 (2009) |
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| Transportation |
| Airports: |
26 (2010) country comparison to the world: 127 |
| Airports (paved runways): |
total: 17 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 3 (2010) |
| Airports (unpaved runways): |
total: 9 1,524 to 2,437: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 7 (2010) |
| Pipelines: |
gas 549 km; oil 38 km (2010) |
| Railways: |
total: 680 km broad gauge: 680 km 1.520-m gauge (2010) |
| Roadways: |
total: 27,767 km (2000) |
| Waterways: |
200 km (along Vakhsh River) (2010) |
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| Military |
|
| Military branches: |
Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Mobile Forces (2010) |
| Military service age and obligation: |
18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2011) |
| Manpower available for military service: |
males age 16-49: 2,012,790 females age 16-49: 2,020,618 (2010 est.) |
| Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 16-49: 1,490,267 females age 16-49: 1,675,083 (2010 est.) |
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